Currently, there is a known Apple bug that prevents audio and video playback on calls. Users attempting to share video or audio files through 'Share' > 'Media' during an active call will not be able to play files on iOS versions 17.0, 17.1, 17.2, and 17.3.
The issue has been fixed in the iOS Beta version 17.4.
Workaround: Share your screen via the 'screen-sharing' feature instead of sharing media during the call.